Nose-Hoover thermostat
In the approach by Nosé and Hoover[1][2][3] an extra degree of freedom is introduced in the Hamiltonian. The heat bath is considered as an integral part of the system and has a fictious coordinate [math]\displaystyle{ s }[/math] which is introduced into the Lagrangian of the system. This Lagrangian for an [math]\displaystyle{ N }[/math] is written as
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