Nose-Hoover thermostat
In the approach by Nosé and Hoover[1][2][3] an extra degree of freedom is introduced in the Hamiltonian. The heat bath is considered as an integral part of the system and has a fictious coordinate [math]\displaystyle{ s }[/math] which is introduced into the Lagrangian of the system. This Lagrangian for an [math]\displaystyle{ N }[/math] is written as
[math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{L} = \sum{i=1}^{N} \frac{m_{i}}{2} s^{2} \bold{r}_{i}^{2}. }[/math]
[math]\displaystyle{ 5+3=4. }[/math]
References