LCHIMAG: Difference between revisions

From VASP Wiki
(LBONE and LLRAUG were interchanged)
No edit summary
Line 3: Line 3:
Description: calculate the chemical shifts by means of linear response.
Description: calculate the chemical shifts by means of linear response.
----
----
For {{TAG|LCHIMAG}}=.TRUE., VASP calculates the chemical shift tensors by means of linear response.
For {{TAG|LCHIMAG}}=.TRUE., VASP calculates the chemical shift tensors.


The chemical shift tensor is defined as:
The chemical shielding tensor is defined as:
:<math>
:<math>
\delta(\mathbf{R})_{ij} = \frac{ \partial B^{\mathrm{ind}}(\mathbf{R})_i}{ \partial B^{\mathrm{ext}}_j}
\sigma(\mathbf{R})_{ij} = - \frac{ \partial B^{\mathrm{ind}}(\mathbf{R})_i}{ \partial B^{\mathrm{ext}}_j}
</math>
</math>


Here '''R''' denotes the atomic nuclear site, ''i'' and ''j'' denote cartesian indices, ''B''<sup>ext</sup> an applied DC external magnetic field and ''B''<sup>ind</sup>('''R''') the induced magnetic field at the nucleus.
Here '''R''' denotes the atomic nuclear site, ''i'' and ''j'' denote cartesian indices, ''B''<sup>ext</sup> an applied DC external magnetic field and ''B''<sup>ind</sup>('''R''') the induced magnetic field at the nucleus.
NMR experiments yield information on the symmetric part of the tensor.
NMR experiments yield information on the symmetric part of the tensor. Typical NMR experiments yield information on the shielding relative to that of a reference compound:
VASP can calculate chemical shifts for non-metallic crystalline systems using the linear response method of Yates, Pickard and Mauri.<ref name="pickard:prb:01"/><ref name="yates:prb:07"/>
:<math>
\delta(\mathbf{R})_{ij} = \sigma_{ij}^{\mathrm{ref}} - \sigma(\mathbf{R})_{ij}
</math>
In this (approximate) formula &sigma;<sup>''ij''</sup> is the isotropic shielding of the nucleous in the reference compound.
&delta;('''R''')<sup>''ij''</sup> is the chemical shift tensor.
 
In VASP the chemical "shift" tensor is calculated as:
:<math>
\delta(\mathbf{R})_{ij}\mathrm{[VASP]} = \frac{ \partial B^{\mathrm{ind}}(\mathbf{R})_i}{ \partial B^{\mathrm{ext}}_j}
</math>
This is minus the shielding tensor. It is not the true chemical shift tensor. To convert it to the real shift tensor one should add the
reference shielding:
:<math>
\delta(\mathbf{R})_{ij} = \sigma_{ij}^{\mathrm{ref}} + \delta(\mathbf{R})_{ij}\mathrm{[VASP]}
</math>
 
VASP can calculate chemical "shifts" for non-metallic crystalline systems using the linear response method of Yates, Pickard and Mauri.<ref name="pickard:prb:01"/><ref name="yates:prb:07"/>
 
'''INPUT'''


A typical {{FILE|INCAR}} could look like this:
A typical {{FILE|INCAR}} could look like this:
Line 27: Line 45:
  {{TAGBL|LNMR_SYM_RED}} = .TRUE.  # be on the safe side
  {{TAGBL|LNMR_SYM_RED}} = .TRUE.  # be on the safe side
  {{TAGBL|NSLPLINE}} = .TRUE.      # only needed if LREAL is NOT set.
  {{TAGBL|NSLPLINE}} = .TRUE.      # only needed if LREAL is NOT set.


The first block of tags in the {{FILE|INCAR}} above expresses the fact that the calculations of chemical shifts by means of linear response often require a high accuracy ({{TAG|PREC}}=A, {{TAG|EDIFF}}&le;1E-8, high {{TAG|ENCUT}}).
The first block of tags in the {{FILE|INCAR}} above expresses the fact that the calculations of chemical shifts by means of linear response often require a high accuracy ({{TAG|PREC}}=A, {{TAG|EDIFF}}&le;1E-8, high {{TAG|ENCUT}}).
Line 39: Line 56:
*{{TAG|ICHIBARE}} is the order of the finite difference stencil used to calculate the magnetic susceptibility (second order derivative in Eq. 47 of Yates ''et al.''<ref name="yates:prb:07"/>). {{TAG|ICHIBARE}} may be set to 1, 2, or 3. Often the default ({{TAG|ICHIBARE}}=1) is sufficient. A higher {{TAG|ICHIBARE}} results in a substantial increase of the computational load.
*{{TAG|ICHIBARE}} is the order of the finite difference stencil used to calculate the magnetic susceptibility (second order derivative in Eq. 47 of Yates ''et al.''<ref name="yates:prb:07"/>). {{TAG|ICHIBARE}} may be set to 1, 2, or 3. Often the default ({{TAG|ICHIBARE}}=1) is sufficient. A higher {{TAG|ICHIBARE}} results in a substantial increase of the computational load.


*For {{TAG|NLSPLINE}}=.TRUE., the PAW projectors in reciprocal space ({{TAG|LREAL}}=.FALSE.) are set up using a spline interpolation so that they are ''k''-differentiable. This only slightly affects the chemical shifts themselves, but can have impact on the susceptibility contribution (the aforementioned Eq. 47). It is advised to set {{TAG|NLSPLINE}}=.TRUE., but only in case of calculation of chemical shift. As this option also gives slightly different total energies, it is advised to use the default {{TAG|NLSPLINE}}=.FALSE. for compatibility in all other calculations. Real space projectors are ''k''-differentiable by construction.
*For {{TAG|NLSPLINE}}=.TRUE., the PAW projectors in reciprocal space ({{TAG|LREAL}}=.FALSE.) are set up using a spline interpolation so that they are ''k''-differentiable. This only slightly affects the chemical shifts themselves, but can have impact on the susceptibility contribution (the aforementioned Eq. 47). It is advised to set {{TAG|NLSPLINE}}=.TRUE., but only in case of calculation of chemical shift. As this option also gives slightly different total energies, it is advised to use the default {{TAG|NLSPLINE}}=.FALSE. for compatibility in all other calculations. Real space projectors are ''k''-differentiable by construction, hence not not require to set {{TAG|NLSPLINE}}=.TRUE.


*The star on which the ''k''-space derivative is calculated is oriented along the cartesian directions in ''k''-space. If the symmetry operations in ''k''-space do not map this star onto itself, erroneous results can be obtained. To have VASP check for such operations, set {{TAG|LNMR_SYM_RED}}=.TRUE., and such operations will be discarded, resulting in a larger IBZ. In case of any doubt set {{TAG|LNMR_SYM_RED}}=.TRUE. Beware: It matters how the real space lattice vectors are set up relative to the cartesian coordinates in {{FILE|POSCAR}}. It determines the orientation of the ''k''-space star and hence can affect the efficiency via the number of ''k''-points in the IBZ.
*The star on which the ''k''-space derivative is calculated is oriented along the cartesian directions in ''k''-space. If the symmetry operations in ''k''-space do not map this star onto itself, erroneous results can be obtained. To have VASP check for such operations, set {{TAG|LNMR_SYM_RED}}=.TRUE., and such operations will be discarded, resulting in a larger IBZ. In case of any doubt set {{TAG|LNMR_SYM_RED}}=.TRUE. Beware: It matters how the real space lattice vectors are set up relative to the cartesian coordinates in {{FILE|POSCAR}}. It determines the orientation of the ''k''-space star and hence can affect the efficiency via the number of ''k''-points in the IBZ.
The chemical shift is calculated via the induced current.<ref name="pickard:prb:01"/><ref name="yates:prb:07"/>
It has contributions from the plane wave grid and one-center contributions (the induced field
at the center of a PAW sphere due to the augmentation current inside that sphere). Two-center contributions (induced fields due to augmentation currents in
other PAW spheres) are standard neglected. These contributions can be switched on using {{TAG|LLRAUG}}.
For very high accuracy calculations use {{TAG|LASPH}}.


No special {{FILE|POTCAR}} files are necessary. The GIPAW is applied using the projectors functions and partial waves that are stored in the regular {{FILE|POTCAR}} files. A few remarks, however, on accuracy in relation to the different {{FILE|POTCAR}} flavours:
No special {{FILE|POTCAR}} files are necessary. The GIPAW is applied using the projectors functions and partial waves that are stored in the regular {{FILE|POTCAR}} files. A few remarks, however, on accuracy in relation to the different {{FILE|POTCAR}} flavours:


*Results sensitively depend on the quality, ''i.e.'', completeness of the partial wave/projector function set in the energy range needed for good chemical transferability. Result obtained with different {{FILE|POTCAR}} flavours can be differ a few ppm for first and second row ''sp''-bonded elements are possible (except for H).
*Results sensitively depend on the quality, ''i.e.'', completeness of the partial wave/projector function set in the energy range needed for good chemical transferability. Result obtained with different {{FILE|POTCAR}} flavours can differ a few ppm for first and second row ''sp''-bonded elements (except for H).


*Use {{FILE|POTCAR}} files generated with a consistent exchange-correlation functional. The PAW reconstruction with AE partial waves is crucial as the field on the nucleus needs to be calculated. So avoid, if possible, overriding <tt>LEXCH</tt> from {{FILE|POTCAR}} with an explicit {{TAG|GGA}}-tag in the {{FILE|INCAR}}.
*Use {{FILE|POTCAR}} files generated with a consistent exchange-correlation functional. The PAW reconstruction with AE partial waves is crucial as the field on the nucleus needs to be calculated. So avoid, if possible, overriding <tt>LEXCH</tt> from {{FILE|POTCAR}} with an explicit {{TAG|GGA}}-tag in the {{FILE|INCAR}}.


What to do in case of insufficient memory? VASP trades off memory savings against speed, opting for the latter.
'''OUTPUT'''
The response calculation is inherently parallel over ''k''-points. This can be used to economize on memory:
First do a regular self-consistent calculation at high accuracy for the full ''k''-point mesh. Save the {{FILE|CHGCAR}} file.
Next do a chemical shift calculation for each ''k''-point in the IBZ separately, starting from {{FILE|CHGCAR}}, ''i.e.'', using {{TAG|ICHARG}}=11.
Finally calculate the shifts as a ''k''-point weighted average of the symmetrized shifts of the individual ''k''-points.


At the end of {{FILE|OUTCAR}} file, VASP prints the chemical shift tensors both before and after symmetrization. These are the absolute tensors for the infinite lattice, excluding core contributions. Next lines <tt>Q=0 CONTRIBUTION TO CHEMICAL SHIFT</tt> are printed.
At the end of the {{FILE|OUTCAR}} file, VASP prints the chemical shift tensors both before and after space group symmetrization. These are the absolute tensors for the infinite lattice, excluding core contributions. Next lines <tt>Q=0 CONTRIBUTION TO CHEMICAL SHIFT</tt> are printed.
This is a shift tensor arising solely from the '''G'''=0 component of the induced field. This component is related to the shape of the sample and depends only on the induced macroscopic surface currents (via the orbital magnetic susceptibility).
This is a shift tensor arising solely from the '''G'''=0 component of the induced field. This component is related to the shape of the sample and depends only on the induced macroscopic surface currents (via the orbital magnetic susceptibility).
It is printed for a spherical sample (for which is it nucleus independent), and calculated according to Eqs. 46-48 of Yates '' et al.''<ref name="yates:prb:07"/>, ''i.e.'', using the so-called ''pGv''-approximation to the magnetic susceptibility.
It is printed for a spherical sample (for which is it nucleus independent), and calculated according to Eqs. 46-48 of Yates '' et al.''<ref name="yates:prb:07"/>, ''i.e.'', using the so-called ''pGv''-approximation to the magnetic susceptibility.
To obtain the full absolute tensor the contribution for '''G'''=0 has to be added to the nuclear shifts.
To obtain the full absolute tensor the contribution for '''G'''=0 has to be added to the nuclear shifts.
The approximate susceptibility itself is also printed.
The approximate susceptibility itself is also printed.
Finally the isotropic chemical shift &delta;, span &Omega; and skew &kappa; are printed.<ref name="mason:ssn:93"/> Note that &kappa; is ill-defined if &Omega;=0.
The response calculation yields the shift due to the valence electrons to
which the rigid core contributions are added.<ref name="gregor:jcp:99"/>
The chemical shift is calculated via the induced current.<ref name="pickard:prb:01"/><ref name="yates:prb:07"/>
It has contributions from the plane wave grid and one-center contributions (the induced field
at the center of a PAW sphere due to the augmentation current inside that sphere). Two-center contributions (induced fields due to augmentation currents in
other PAW spheres) are standard neglected. These contributions can be switched on using {{TAG|LLRAUG}}.


For very high accuracy calculations use {{TAG|LASPH}}.
Finally the tensor is processed and its (CSA) characteristics are printed on {{FILE|OUTCAR}}. The tensor is symmetrized (&sigma;<sub>''ij''</sub> = &sigma;<sub>''ji''</sub> is enforced) and diagonalized. From the three diagonal values the isotropic chemical "shift" &delta;<sub>iso</sub>[VASP], span &Omega; and skew &kappa; are calculated and printed.<ref name="mason:ssn:93"/> Note that &kappa; is ill-defined if &Omega;=0. Note that the isotropic chemical shift &delta;<sub>iso</sub>[VASP] (ISO_SHIFT) as printed is actually minus the isotropic shielding. To make it a ''real shift'' one should add the reference shielding. Also note that &Omega; (SPAN) and &kappa; (SKEW) are unambiguously defined.<ref name="mason:ssn:93"/> This typically looks like:
                                                                                                         
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    CSA tensor (J. Mason, Solid State Nucl. Magn. Reson. 2, 285 (1993))
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
              EXCLUDING G=0 CONTRIBUTION            INCLUDING G=0 CONTRIBUTION
          -----------------------------------  -----------------------------------
    ATOM    ISO_SHIFT        SPAN        SKEW    ISO_SHIFT        SPAN        SKEW
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    (absolute, valence only)
      1    4598.8125      0.0000      0.0000    4589.9696      0.0000      0.0000
      2    291.5486      0.0000      0.0000      282.7058      0.0000      0.0000
      3    736.5979    344.8803      1.0000      727.7550    344.8803      1.0000
      4    736.5979    344.8803      1.0000      727.7550    344.8803      1.0000
      5    736.5979    344.8803      1.0000      727.7550    344.8803      1.0000
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    (absolute, valence and core)
      1  -6536.1417      0.0000      0.0000    -6547.9848      0.0000      0.0000
      2  -5706.3864      0.0000      0.0000    -5718.2296      0.0000      0.0000
      3  -2369.4015    344.8803      1.0000    -2381.2446    344.8803      1.0000
      4  -2369.4015    344.8803      1.0000    -2381.2446    344.8803      1.0000
      5  -2369.4015    344.8803      1.0000    -2381.2446    344.8803      1.0000
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    IF SPAN.EQ.0, THEN SKEW IS ILL-DEFINED
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
The columns excluding the '''G'''=0 contribution are useful for supercell calculations on molecules.
The columns including the '''G'''=0 contribution are for crystals.
The upper block gives the shielding due to only the electrons included in the SCF calculation.
The lower block has the contributions due to the frozen PAW cores added. These core contributions are rigid.<ref name="gregor:jcp:99"/> They only depend on {{FILE|POTCAR}} and are isotropic, i.e. affect neither SPAN nor SKEW.


'''Beware''': the treatment of the orbital magnetism is non-relativistic. This is fine for light nuclei.
'''Beware''': the treatment of the orbital magnetism is non-relativistic. This is fine for light nuclei.
Line 76: Line 116:
The accuracy can be improved using {{TAG|LBONE}}, that restores the small B-component of the wave function inside the PAW spheres.
The accuracy can be improved using {{TAG|LBONE}}, that restores the small B-component of the wave function inside the PAW spheres.
Spin-orbit coupling is not implemented for chemical shift calculations.
Spin-orbit coupling is not implemented for chemical shift calculations.
'''What to do in case of insufficient memory?''' VASP trades off memory savings against speed, opting for the latter.
The response calculation is inherently parallel over ''k''-points. This can be used to economize on memory:
First do a regular self-consistent calculation at high accuracy for the full ''k''-point mesh. Save the {{FILE|CHGCAR}} file.
Next do a chemical shift calculation for each ''k''-point in the IBZ separately, starting from {{FILE|CHGCAR}}, ''i.e.'', using {{TAG|ICHARG}}=11.
Finally calculate the shifts as a ''k''-point weighted average of the symmetrized shifts of the individual ''k''-points.


== Related Tags and Sections ==
== Related Tags and Sections ==

Revision as of 15:29, 26 February 2020

LCHIMAG = .TRUE. | .FALSE.
Default: LCHIMAG = .FALSE. 

Description: calculate the chemical shifts by means of linear response.


For LCHIMAG=.TRUE., VASP calculates the chemical shift tensors.

The chemical shielding tensor is defined as:

Here R denotes the atomic nuclear site, i and j denote cartesian indices, Bext an applied DC external magnetic field and Bind(R) the induced magnetic field at the nucleus. NMR experiments yield information on the symmetric part of the tensor. Typical NMR experiments yield information on the shielding relative to that of a reference compound:

In this (approximate) formula σij is the isotropic shielding of the nucleous in the reference compound. δ(R)ij is the chemical shift tensor.

In VASP the chemical "shift" tensor is calculated as:

This is minus the shielding tensor. It is not the true chemical shift tensor. To convert it to the real shift tensor one should add the reference shielding:

VASP can calculate chemical "shifts" for non-metallic crystalline systems using the linear response method of Yates, Pickard and Mauri.[1][2]

INPUT

A typical INCAR could look like this:

PREC = A               # nice
ENCUT = 600.0          # typically higher cutoffs than usual are needed
EDIFF = 1E-8           # you need much smaller EDIFFs than normal.
ISMEAR = 0; SIGMA = 0.1 # no fancy smearings, SIGMA sufficiently small
LREAL = A              # helps for speed for large systems, not necessary per se

LCHIMAG = .TRUE.       # to switch on linear response for chemical shifts
DQ = 0.001             # often the default is sufficient
ICHIBARE = 1           # often the default is sufficient
LNMR_SYM_RED = .TRUE.  # be on the safe side
NSLPLINE = .TRUE.      # only needed if LREAL is NOT set.

The first block of tags in the INCAR above expresses the fact that the calculations of chemical shifts by means of linear response often require a high accuracy (PREC=A, EDIFF≤1E-8, high ENCUT).

The chemical shifts are calculated from the orbital magnetic response under the assumption that the system is an insulator. It makes no sense to use smearing schemes intended for metals, indeed, doing so can generate nonsense. It is safe to use ISMEAR=0 and make SIGMA so small that states have no fractional occupancies.

The seçond block of tags switches on the calculation of the chemical shifts (LCHIMAG=.TRUE.), and controls several aspects of the finite difference k-space derivatives (Eqs. 38, 40, and 47 in the work of Yates et al.[2]):

  • DQ is the step size for the finite difference k-space derivative. Typical values are in the range [0.001 - 0.003]. The default (DQ=0.001) is often sufficient.
  • ICHIBARE is the order of the finite difference stencil used to calculate the magnetic susceptibility (second order derivative in Eq. 47 of Yates et al.[2]). ICHIBARE may be set to 1, 2, or 3. Often the default (ICHIBARE=1) is sufficient. A higher ICHIBARE results in a substantial increase of the computational load.
  • For NLSPLINE=.TRUE., the PAW projectors in reciprocal space (LREAL=.FALSE.) are set up using a spline interpolation so that they are k-differentiable. This only slightly affects the chemical shifts themselves, but can have impact on the susceptibility contribution (the aforementioned Eq. 47). It is advised to set NLSPLINE=.TRUE., but only in case of calculation of chemical shift. As this option also gives slightly different total energies, it is advised to use the default NLSPLINE=.FALSE. for compatibility in all other calculations. Real space projectors are k-differentiable by construction, hence not not require to set NLSPLINE=.TRUE.
  • The star on which the k-space derivative is calculated is oriented along the cartesian directions in k-space. If the symmetry operations in k-space do not map this star onto itself, erroneous results can be obtained. To have VASP check for such operations, set LNMR_SYM_RED=.TRUE., and such operations will be discarded, resulting in a larger IBZ. In case of any doubt set LNMR_SYM_RED=.TRUE. Beware: It matters how the real space lattice vectors are set up relative to the cartesian coordinates in POSCAR. It determines the orientation of the k-space star and hence can affect the efficiency via the number of k-points in the IBZ.

The chemical shift is calculated via the induced current.[1][2] It has contributions from the plane wave grid and one-center contributions (the induced field at the center of a PAW sphere due to the augmentation current inside that sphere). Two-center contributions (induced fields due to augmentation currents in other PAW spheres) are standard neglected. These contributions can be switched on using LLRAUG.

For very high accuracy calculations use LASPH.

No special POTCAR files are necessary. The GIPAW is applied using the projectors functions and partial waves that are stored in the regular POTCAR files. A few remarks, however, on accuracy in relation to the different POTCAR flavours:

  • Results sensitively depend on the quality, i.e., completeness of the partial wave/projector function set in the energy range needed for good chemical transferability. Result obtained with different POTCAR flavours can differ a few ppm for first and second row sp-bonded elements (except for H).
  • Use POTCAR files generated with a consistent exchange-correlation functional. The PAW reconstruction with AE partial waves is crucial as the field on the nucleus needs to be calculated. So avoid, if possible, overriding LEXCH from POTCAR with an explicit GGA-tag in the INCAR.

OUTPUT

At the end of the OUTCAR file, VASP prints the chemical shift tensors both before and after space group symmetrization. These are the absolute tensors for the infinite lattice, excluding core contributions. Next lines Q=0 CONTRIBUTION TO CHEMICAL SHIFT are printed. This is a shift tensor arising solely from the G=0 component of the induced field. This component is related to the shape of the sample and depends only on the induced macroscopic surface currents (via the orbital magnetic susceptibility). It is printed for a spherical sample (for which is it nucleus independent), and calculated according to Eqs. 46-48 of Yates et al.[2], i.e., using the so-called pGv-approximation to the magnetic susceptibility. To obtain the full absolute tensor the contribution for G=0 has to be added to the nuclear shifts. The approximate susceptibility itself is also printed.

Finally the tensor is processed and its (CSA) characteristics are printed on OUTCAR. The tensor is symmetrized (σij = σji is enforced) and diagonalized. From the three diagonal values the isotropic chemical "shift" δiso[VASP], span Ω and skew κ are calculated and printed.[3] Note that κ is ill-defined if Ω=0. Note that the isotropic chemical shift δiso[VASP] (ISO_SHIFT) as printed is actually minus the isotropic shielding. To make it a real shift one should add the reference shielding. Also note that Ω (SPAN) and κ (SKEW) are unambiguously defined.[3] This typically looks like:

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   CSA tensor (J. Mason, Solid State Nucl. Magn. Reson. 2, 285 (1993))
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
              EXCLUDING G=0 CONTRIBUTION             INCLUDING G=0 CONTRIBUTION
          -----------------------------------   -----------------------------------
   ATOM    ISO_SHIFT        SPAN        SKEW     ISO_SHIFT        SPAN        SKEW
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   (absolute, valence only)
      1    4598.8125      0.0000      0.0000     4589.9696      0.0000      0.0000
      2     291.5486      0.0000      0.0000      282.7058      0.0000      0.0000
      3     736.5979    344.8803      1.0000      727.7550    344.8803      1.0000
      4     736.5979    344.8803      1.0000      727.7550    344.8803      1.0000
      5     736.5979    344.8803      1.0000      727.7550    344.8803      1.0000
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   (absolute, valence and core)
      1   -6536.1417      0.0000      0.0000    -6547.9848      0.0000      0.0000
      2   -5706.3864      0.0000      0.0000    -5718.2296      0.0000      0.0000
      3   -2369.4015    344.8803      1.0000    -2381.2446    344.8803      1.0000
      4   -2369.4015    344.8803      1.0000    -2381.2446    344.8803      1.0000
      5   -2369.4015    344.8803      1.0000    -2381.2446    344.8803      1.0000
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   IF SPAN.EQ.0, THEN SKEW IS ILL-DEFINED
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 

The columns excluding the G=0 contribution are useful for supercell calculations on molecules. The columns including the G=0 contribution are for crystals. The upper block gives the shielding due to only the electrons included in the SCF calculation. The lower block has the contributions due to the frozen PAW cores added. These core contributions are rigid.[4] They only depend on POTCAR and are isotropic, i.e. affect neither SPAN nor SKEW.

Beware: the treatment of the orbital magnetism is non-relativistic. This is fine for light nuclei. The standard POTCARs are scalar-relativistic and account partially for relativistic effects. The accuracy can be improved using LBONE, that restores the small B-component of the wave function inside the PAW spheres. Spin-orbit coupling is not implemented for chemical shift calculations.

What to do in case of insufficient memory? VASP trades off memory savings against speed, opting for the latter. The response calculation is inherently parallel over k-points. This can be used to economize on memory: First do a regular self-consistent calculation at high accuracy for the full k-point mesh. Save the CHGCAR file. Next do a chemical shift calculation for each k-point in the IBZ separately, starting from CHGCAR, i.e., using ICHARG=11. Finally calculate the shifts as a k-point weighted average of the symmetrized shifts of the individual k-points.

Related Tags and Sections

DQ, ICHIBARE, LNMR_SYM_RED, NLSPLINE, LLRAUG, LBONE

Examples that use this tag

References


Contents